000			04545nam a2200337 4500
999			_c2865 _d2865
003			OSt
005			20230819152410.0
008			900430 1989 enka b eng
020			_a0194370615 (pbk)
035			_a(OCoLC)24066659
040			_aUK _beng _dOOU _cJCRC
099			_aPE 1128 .A2 T34 1989
100	1		_aTarone, Elaine, _d1945-
245	1	0	_aFocus on the Language Learner : _bApproaches to Identifying and Meeting the Needs of Second Language Learners / _cElaine Tarone and George Yule.
260			_aNew York, NY : _bOxford University Press, _c1989.
300			_av, 206 p. : _bill. ; _c24 cm.
440			_aOxford Applied Linguistics
504			_aIncludes bibliographies.
505			_aPreface
505			_aPART ONE Basic issues _tIntroduction _t1. The learning part -- The learning process -- Learners' aims -- Learners' expectations -- The eclectic approach _t2. The language part -- Linguistic analysis -- Rules and explanations -- Communicative competence _t3. The analysis part -- The inevitable numbers -- The research question _tFurther reading
505			_aPART TWO What learners need to know _tIntroduction _tAnalysis in terms of communicative competence -- Analysis from the 'inside' perspective -- Analysis of needs at four level of generality _t4. Global needs analysis -- A welfare case -- An agricultural case -- An engineering case -- Involving the learners _t5. Grammatical-rhetorical needs analysis -- 5.1 Form and function in native speaker performance -- For special purposes: written language -- For special purposes: spoken language -- 5.2 Inherent variability in native speaker performance -- Eyewitness accounts -- Native speakers aren't perfect _t6. Review of techniques _tFurther reading
505			_aPART THREE What learners do and do not know _tIntroduction _t7. Grammatical competence -- 7.1 Investigating grammatical competence -- Stating the rules -- Discrete-oint and integrative measures -- Grammaticality judgments and making corrections -- 7.2 Variability in learner language -- Degrees of accuracy -- The influence of cohesion and communicative pressure _t8. Sociolinguistic competence -- 'What would you say if...' -- On teaching speech acts -- 8.1 Investigating learners' sociolinguistic skills -- Taking turns -- Have we got the right script? -- 8.2 An alternative approach -- Fostering interactive learning -- The four components -- Frameworks for reflection _t9. Strategic competence -- 9.1 Using a task-based methodology -- 'The three legs' -- 'The arm of the chair is... when you use for to write' -- 9.2 Communication strategies -- 9.3 Fostering strategic competence -- Classroom activities -- Identifying the essential structure -- Maintaining a balance _t10. Some methodological issues in investigating learner language -- The addressee -- The topic -- The task -- The data analysis _tFurther reading
505			_aPART FOUR Getting the learners' views _tIntroduction -- Questionnaires -- Diaries, observations, and interviews _t11. The confidence factor -- Very confident wrong answering -- Individual self-monitoring ability -- Accuracy and self-monitoring _t12. The perception of improvement -- Measuring change overtime -- What improves when accuracy doesn't? -- Conclusion and speculations _tFurther reading
505			_aBibliography
505			_aAppendices _t1 Information needs assessment _t2 Supermarket story _t3 Grammatically judgment exercise (relative clauses) _t4 Tape-recording interaction by learners _t5 Description tasks _t6 Assembly tasks _t7 Narrative tasks _t8 Communication strategy classwork _t9 Exercises used for self-monitoring study
505			_aIndex
520			_a"The aim of this book is to put the learner firmly at the center of language teaching. It forms an invaluable resource for those practicing language teachers who want to identify the local needs of their learners more accurately, and work toward meeting those needs. After a discussion of the basic issues involved in identifying learner needs, the authors focus on what learners need to know, what they do and do not know, and how they view their own abilities. At the end of each section there are recommendations for further reading. The text itself, and the Appendices, include a range of ideas, techniques, and procedures which teachers can use with their own particular groups of learners." (Book Cover)
650		0	_aEnglish language _xStudy and teaching _xForeign speakers.
700	1		_aYule, George, _d1947-
942			_2z _cBK