Includes index.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-200).

1. Introduction: The Relationship of Theory to Practice

A. Three Approaches to Method 1. Theory of second language acquisition 2. Applied linguistics research 3. Ideas and intuitions from experience

B. Interactions Among Approaches to Practice

C. What the Three Approaches Have to Say About Method

D. Goals of This Book: to reintroduce teachers to theory and hopefully to gain their confidence again

Notes

2. Second Language Acquisition Theory

A. Five Hypotheses About Second Language Acquisition 1. The acquisition-learning distinction 2. The natural order hypothesis
3. The Monitor hypothesis 4. The input hypothesis 5. The Affective Filter hypothesis

B. The Causative Variable in Second Language Acquisition 1. The causative variables 2. Language teaching: does it help? 3. Exposure variables 4. Age 5. Acculturation

3. Providing Input for Acquisition

A. The Potential of the Second Language Classroom

B. Limitations of the Classroom

C. The Role of Output 1. Conversation and language acquisition 2. Output and learning

D. Characteristics of Optimal Input for Acquisition 1. Optimal input is comprehensible 2. Optimal input is interesting and/ or relevant 3. Optimal input is not grammatically sequenced 4. Optimal input must be in sufficient quantity

E. Other Features that Encourage Acquisition

F. Teaching Conversational Competence

4. The Role of Grammar, or Putting Grammar in its Place

A. Learning Does Not Become Acquisition

B. The Place of Grammar 1. Grammar for Monitor use: when the Monitor is used 2. What can be Monitored

C. The Effects of Learning: Accuracy of Self- correction 1. Factors affecting self-correction accuracy 2. The data

D. Other Effects of Conscious Rules

E. Presentation of Rules 1. The deductive- inductive issue 2. Sequencing and learning

F. Notes on Error Correction

G. Grammar as Subject-matter

5. Approaches to Language Teaching

A. Present-day Teaching Methods 1. Grammar-translation 2. Audio-lingualism 3. Cognitive-code 4. The direct method 5. The natural approach 6. Total physical response 7. Suggetopedia

B. Applied Linguistics Research 1. Review of method comparison studies 2. Some preliminary conclusions to method comparison studies 3. More recent method comparison studies

C. Alternatives to Methods 1. Function of the classroom 2. The second language classroom and requirement # 2 3. The alternatives

D. Comments on Achievement 1. Normal considerations in test evaluation and selection 2. Instructional value 3. Language requirements 4. University level ESL

E. Some Gaps in Materials 1. The language laboratory 2. A comment on field testing of materials

F. Some Problems

Bibliography

Index

"One of the most potent influences in language teaching in the past few years has been the 'Monitor Theory' elaborated by Stephen Krashen on the basis of the distinction he draws between acquisition and learning. The recently published collection of articles, Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning, Pergamon 1981, has provoked considerable discussion and it was natural that the author should follow it with a more explicit statement of this thesis.

The present volume examines the relationship between second language practice and what is known about the process of second language acquisition, summarising the current state of second language acquisition theory, drawing general conclusions about its application to methods and materials and describing what characteristics effective materials should have. The author concludes that a solution to language teaching lies not so much in expensive equipment, exotic new methods, or sophisticated language analysis, but rather in the full utilisation of the most important resources - native speakers of the language - in real communication." (Book Cover)