Includes bibliographical references and index.

"We pride ourselves on living in a society that functions according to the principles of equality, tolerance, social harmony, and respect for individual rights. As such, we are often reluctant to acknowledge that racial prejudice, invisible to all but those who suffer their direct consequences, racist attitudes and beliefs persist in Canada, both on an individual level and in the policies that govern many of our institutions.

The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society, Second Edition, examines institutional racism from a uniquely anti-racist perspective. Linking theory with practice, the personal with the political, and the community with the state, its authors focus on a central ideological struggle for Canadians: the existence and persistence of racism within a seemingly democratic and equitable society.
This text demonstrates how racist attitudes are embedded in the policies and practices of many Canadian institutions and organizations, particularly within government, education, the media, human services, employment, law enforcement, and the justice system. The authors examine why racism continues to flourish in spite of our good intentions and document how various sectors of Canadian society have responded to racism in its many forms. They conclude by proposing some important strategies for change, offering suggestions for future directions in dealing with racism in Canada.

The Colour of Democracy raises many important questions that will challenge your beliefs about the nature of democracy and equality in Canada." (Book Cover)

CONTENTS:

Introduction

Part One - Perspectives on Racism

Chapter 1 : The Ideology of Racism

Introduction

What is Ideology?

The Definition and Function of Racist Ideology

The Elusive Nature of Racism

The Concept of Democratic Racism

New Racism in the United Kingdom

Aversive Racism in the United States

Symbolic Racism

Democratic Racism

The Discourse of Democratic Racism

The Discourse of Political Corectness

The Discourse of Denial

The Discourse of Equal Opportunity

The Discourse of Blaming the Victim

The Discourse of Reverse Racism

The Discourse of Binary Polarization

The Discourse of Moral Panic

The Discourse of Multiculturalism: Tolerance, Accommodation, Harmony, and Diversity

The Discourse of Liberal Values: Individualism, Truth, Tradition, Universalism, and Freedom of Expression

The Discourse of National Identity

Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives

Introduction

From the Nineteenth Century to the Mid-Twentieth Century: Race and Racial Classification

The 1950s and 1960s: Assimilation and Integration

The Late 1960s and 1970s: From Race Relations to Racism

Marxist Orientations: Class Primacy Theories

The 1980s: From Racism to Anti-Racism

Social Research in Canada: Ethnicity, Multiculturalism, and Racism

The 1990s: Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis

Discourse and Discourse Analysis

Racist Discourse

The Debate over Multiculturalism

Racism as a Field of Inquiry

Race, Gender, and Class Paradigms in Canada

The Forms of Racism

Individual Racism

Everyday Racism

Institutional and Systemic Racism

Cultural and Ideological Racism

The Measurement of Racism

Measuring Institutional and Systemic Racism

Summary

Chapter 3: Racism in Canadian History

Introduction

Manifestations of Racism

African (Black) Canadiens

Chinese Canadiens

Japanese Canadiens

South Asian Canadians

Immigration Policies and Practices

From the 1880s to the 1960s

From the 1970s to the 1990s

Contemporary Racism

The Changing Nature of Canadian Society

Victims' Manifestations

Polls and Surveys

Hate Groups

Discrimination in the Workplace

Summary

Chapter 4: Racism and Aboriginal Peoples

Introduction

"Discovery"

Contact and Co-operation

Military Alliances and Commercial Co-operation in the Eighteenth Century

Displacement and Assimilation

Social Darwinism

Christianization

Legislation

Negotiation and Renewal

Population

The Abuse of the Rights of Aboriginal Women and Children

Summary

PART TWO - Racism in Canadian Public-Sector Organizations

Chapter 5: Racism and the Justice System

Introduction

Racial Minorities and the Justice System

The Manifestations of Racism

Initial Contact: The Police

Representation

Attitudes and Perceptions of Judges and Lawyers

Sentencing Disparities

Jury Selection Processes

Responses to Racism

Lack of Political Will

Denial

Employment Equity

Training

Summary

Chapter 6: Racism and Policing

Introduction

The Discourse of Democratic Racism and Policing

The Manifestations of Racism

Racist Attitudes and Behaviour

Overpolicing

The Racialization of Crime

Underpolicing

Professional Competence

Representation

Police Culture

Complaints Process

Use of Force

Responses

Race Relations Policies

Training

Representation of Minorities

Use of Firearms

Community Relations

Summary

Chapter 7: Racism and Human-Service Delivery

Introduction

The Manifestations of Racism

Education and Training

Access to Services

Representation

Family Services

Mental-Health Services

Children's Services

Barriers Affecting Women

Responses to Racism

Analysis

Summary

PART THREE - Racism in Educational and Cultural Organizations

Chapter 8: Racism in Canadian Education

Introduction

Racist Attitudes in Children

The Manifestations of Racism

Curriculum

Pedagogy

Assessment, Placement, and Streaming

School-Community Relations

Racial Incidents and Harassment in the School Environment

Universities: A Chilly Climate for Minorities

Hate Activity on Campuses

Responses to Racism in the Schools

Multicultural Education

Anti-Racism Education

Black-Focussed Schools

Teacher Training

Responses by the University

Race and Representation

Resistance to Change: Discursive Barriers to Anti-Racism in the School and University

Summary

Chapter 9: Racism in Arts and Culture

Introduction

Manifestations of Racism in the Production of Cultural Art Forms

Cultural Appropriation

Cultural Appropriation in Other Art Forms

Marginalization of People of Colour in Public Culture

Representation and Misrepresentation

Allocation of Grants and Resources by Funding Agencies

Eurocentric Forms of Cultural Criticism

Institutional Responses

Summary

Chapter 10: Racism in the Media

Introduction

Role and Function of the Media

The Manifestations of Racism

Invisibility of People of Colour

Stereotypical Portrayal

Misrepresentation in the Print Media

Marginalization in Programming

Lack of Access to Mass Media

Racism in the Advertising Industry

Responses to Racism in the Media

Community Advocacy

Public-Sector Responses

Analysis

Media Reflect and Reproduce White Ideology

Racist Discourse in the Media: Silencing and Marginalizing

Minority Dissent

Freedom of Speech

Conclusion

Summary

PART FOUR - The Impact of Democratic Racism on Canadian Institutions and Culture

Chapter 11: State Responses to Racism in Canada

Introduction

The State's Role as Public-Policy-Maker and Decision-Maker

International Declarations of Human Rights

The State as Employer: Employment Equity

The State as Purchaser of Goods and Services: Contract Compliance

The State as Provider and Funder of Services

Conclusion

Summary

Chapter 12: Organizational Resistance to Anti-Racism

Introduction

Resistance to Change

Reluctance to Create an Anti-Racist Vision

Lack of Commitment

Inadequate Policies

Inadequate Training

Lack of Representation

Limited Access to Goods, Programs, and Services

Absence of Sanctions

Lack of Individual Accountability

Structural Rigidity

Ineffective Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms

Insufficient Resources

Tokenism

Minority Change Agents

Lack of Organizational Accountability

Limited Public Accountability

Deceptive Dominant Discourses

Race-Conscious Theory of Organizations

Three Organizational Paradigms of Change

Assimilationism

Multiculturalism

Anti-Racism

Summary

Chapter 13: The Paradox of Democratic Racism

Introduction

The Manifestations of Democratic Racism

Education

The Media

The Arts

Policing

The Justice System

Human Services

The State

Strategies for Change

Developing Reflective Practices

Responding to Allegations of Racism

Empowering Communities

Monitoring Anti-Racism Initiatives

Emphasizing the Role of Major Institutions

Summary

APPENDIX A: RACIAL GROUPS IN CANADA

Glossary

Index